![]() ![]() ![]() Renetta Canada also increased Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, butyrate levels and polyphenol microbial metabolites ( p < 0.05). Renetta Canada and Golden Delicious significantly decreased Bacteroidetes abundance and increased Proteobacteria proportion and bifidobacteria population ( p < 0.05). The three apple varieties significantly changed bacterial diversity, increased Actinobacteria relative abundance, acetate, propionate and total SCFAs ( p < 0.05). Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and polyphenol microbial metabolites were determined. Fecal microbiota composition was measured by 16S rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing (V3-V4 region) and Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization. Inulin and cellulose were used as a readily and a poorly fermentable plant fiber, respectively. Three commercial apple varieties-Renetta Canada, Golden Delicious and Pink Lady-were digested and fermented in vitro using a batch culture colonic model (pH 5.5–6.0, 37 ☌) inoculated with feces from three healthy donors. ![]() Animal studies suggest a synergistic interaction between apple polyphenols and the soluble fiber pectin however, the effects of whole apples on human gut microbiota are less extensively studied. A major proportion of apple polyphenols escape absorption in the small intestine and together with non-digestible polysaccharides reach the colon, where they can serve as substrates for bacterial fermentation. Apples are a rich source of polyphenols and fiber. ![]()
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